In the 20th century, a minimum existed in the 19 launch periods and another low in 19, then the cycle repeated. Due to the eccentricity of Mars's orbit, the energy needed in the low-energy periods varies on roughly a 15-year cycle with the easiest periods needing only half the energy of the peaks. For Earth– Mars trips, the period is every 26 months (2 years, 2 months), so missions are typically planned to coincide with one of these launch periods. The energy needed for transfer between planetary orbits, or delta-v, is lowest at intervals fixed by the synodic period. The minimum distance between the orbits of Mars and Earth from 2014 to 2061, measured in astronomical units 5 Technological innovations and hurdles.4 Current intentions by nations and space agencies.3.2.22 SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure (2016–present).3.2.21 NASA's Journey to Mars and Moon to Mars Programs (2015–present).3.2.19 Boeing Affordable Mission (2014).3.2.18 Inspiration Mars Foundation (2013).3.2.16 Boeing Conceptual Space Vehicle Architecture (2012).3.2.14 Russian mission proposals (2011).3.2.12 NASA Austere Human Missions to Mars (2009).3.2.11 NASA Design Reference Mission Architecture 5.0 (2009).3.2.9 NASA Design Reference Mission 5.0 (2007).3.2.7 China National Space Administration (CNSA) (2006).3.2.6 Mars Society Germany – European Mars Mission (EMM) (2005).3.2.5 USA Vision for Space Exploration (2004).3.2.1 NASA Design reference missions (2000+).3.1.8 NASA Design reference missions (1990s).3.1.7 International Space University (1991).3.1.5 NASA Space Exploration Initiative (1989).3.1.3 Soviet mission proposals (1956 through 1969).3.1.1 Wernher von Braun proposal (1947 through 1950s).Andy Weir's 2011 novel The Martian and its popular 2015 film adaptation were a successful hard science fiction take on the concept. The concept of a Martian as something living on Mars is part of the fiction. Human missions to Mars have been part of science fiction since the 1880s, and more broadly, in fiction, Mars is a frequent target of exploration and settlement in books, graphic novels, and films. Meanwhile, the unmanned exploration of Mars has been a goal of national space programs for decades, and was first achieved in 1965 with the Mariner 4 flyby. By 2020, virtual visits to Mars, using haptic technologies, had also been proposed. through research stations, colonization, or other continuous habitation). The plans for these crews have varied, from scientific expeditions, in which a small group (between two and eight astronauts) would visit Mars for a period of a few weeks or more, to a continuous presence (e.g. The list of crewed Mars mission plans shows the various mission proposals that have been put forth by multiple organizations and space agencies in this field of space exploration. The farthest humans have been beyond Earth is the Moon.Ĭonceptual proposals for missions that would involve human explorers started in the early 1950s, with planned missions typically being stated as taking place between 10 and 30 years from the time they are drafted. As of 2022, only robotic landers and rovers have been on Mars. NASA, Russia, Boeing, SpaceX, and the Inspiration Mars Foundation. Proposals for human missions to Mars came from e.g. Long-term proposals have included sending settlers and terraforming the planet. Some have also considered exploring the Martian moons of Phobos and Deimos. The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. Concept for a Mars base, with ice home, pressurized rover, and Mars suits, 2016
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